Cities are fractal

[binjiang]

Cities are fractal, because the scaling of far more small things than large ones recurs multiple times, or with ht-index being at least three. In this recent study, we demonstrated the scaling or fractal or living structure of cities using big data at the country and city scales.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305638074_A_Topological_Representation_for_Taking_Cities_as_a_Coherent_Whole

The way of revealing the fractal structure is bottom up, i.e., given a set or pattern, we try to examine whether there are far more small things than large ones in it, and more importantly how many times the scaling of far more small things than large ones recurs. The way of examining fractal differs fundamentally from conventional ways, which are mainly top-down, i.e., given an initiator and generator, how the initiator would be unfolded by following the generator endlessly.